01. absolute measurement measurements of fixed values
02. relative measurement measurements such as character spacing that are linked to type size; their relationships are defined by a series of relative measurements
03. point the unit of measurement used to measure the type size of a font
04. pica a unit of measurement equal to 12 points that is commonly used for measuring lines of type
05. em (and em dash) the em is a relative unit of measurement used in typesetting to define basic spacing functions, so it is linked to the size of the type. For example: in 72pt type, the em would be 72 points.
The "em dash" is a very specific piece of punctuation not to be confused with a hyphen. The em dash fits entirely in the em.
06. en (and en dash) the en is a unit of relative measurement equal to half of one em, for example: in 72pt type, the en would be 36 points.
The "en dash" is a very specific piece of punctuation not to be confused with a hyphen. Only 50% of the en dash fits in the en.
07. legibility a body of knowledge, research, and opinion that designers refer to selectively, rather than a subject governed by any single unified theory or categorical law.
08. rag occur when highly noticeable shapes form by the line ends of text blocks that distract from simple, uninterrupted meanings; can include exaggerated slopes or noticeable inclines.
09. type alignments the arrangement of text and type
- flush left type set to an even left margin, giving an uneven or ragged right margin.
Pros: the space between words remains consistent; not necessary to hyphenate words; can be set across narrow columns.
Cons: asymmetry - the ragged right margin may disturb the balance of an otherwise symmetrical page layout.
- flush right type set to an even right margin, giving an uneven or ragged left margin.
Pros: it is rarely used for text of any length and can be extremely effective for setting small bodies of text, captions, and so on within asymmetrical layouts.
Cons: reduced readability, the absence of an even left margin makes it more difficult to identify the beginning of the next line.
- centered type set on a central axis, with even word spacing and ragged left and right margins.
Pros: extremely effective in the design of single pages in formal contexts such as title pages.
Cons: reduced readability, the absence of an even left margin makes it more difficult to identify the beginning of the next line.
- justified the space between the words is adjusted on each line, giving even left and right margins.
Pros: having both even left and right margins creates a clean rectangular area.
Cons: the spaces between words varies on each line, requires hyphenation, requires wide columns and a large number of characters per line.
10. word spacing the space between words; the ideal word spacing is to reduce the word spacing, giving greater continuity and less interruption to the flow of the sentence, improving the appearance and readability of the text.
11. rivers typically occur in justified text blocks when the separation of the words leaves gaps of white space in several lines. The effect is created where white space gaps align through the text.
12. indent setting the first like of a paragraph in from the margin
13. leading the space between the lines of text in a text block. It introduces space into a text block and allows the characters to "breathe" so that the information is easy to read.
14. kerning separate adjustments in the spaces between individual pairs of letters.
15. tracking adjusting the overall space between letters rather than the space between two characters, also known as letterspacing.
16. weight the thickness or thinness of a type.
17. scale a progressive classification of size
18. typographic variation the alteration and use of many different type weights, sizes and styles
19. orphan the final one or two lines of a paragraph separated from the main paragraph to form a new column, and should be avoided at all costs.
20. widow a lone word at the end of a paragraph.
